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51 pages 1 hour read

Man's Search for Meaning

Nonfiction | Autobiography / Memoir | Adult | Published in 1946

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Symbols & Motifs

Smokestacks

Smokestacks were associated with the crematoria where the bodies of the dead were burned. Thus, a smokestack always stood for death on a mass scale. Frankl explains that when he first arrived at Auschwitz he “inquired from prisoners who had been there for some time where my colleague and friend P----- had been sent. ‘Was he sent to the left side?’ ‘Yes,’ I replied. ‘Then you can see him there,’ I was told. ‘Where?’ A hand pointed to the chimney a few hundred yards off, which was sending a column of flame up into the grey sky of Poland. It dissolved into a sinister cloud of smoke. ‘That’s where your friend is, floating up to Heaven,’ was the answer. But I still did not understand until the truth was explained to me in plain words” (13).

When a prisoner moved from one camp to another, the first and most important thing to look for was the presence or absence of smokestacks. Was this a place where one would be executed and burned or was it really a work camp, or even a rest camp?

Frankl experienced this directly when he was transferred from Auschwitz to Dachau, bypassing the dreaded Mauthausen death camp on the way. On discovering that there were no smokestacks, he and the other prisoners felt a “joyful surprise [which] put us all in a good mood. The wish of the senior warden in our hut in Auschwitz had come true: we had come, as quickly as possible, to a camp which did not have a ‘chimney’—unlike Auschwitz. We laughed and cracked jokes in spite of, and during, all we had to go through in the next few hours” (45).

The Ten Commandments

In the very beginning of his book, Frankl tells us about a symbolic object that profoundly changed his life. Before he saw the piece of marble he describes in the preface, he had been invited to go to the American Embassy to obtain a visa to leave Austria and go to the United States. However, as he explains, he decided not to use this visa:

“I noticed a piece of marble lying on a table at home. When I asked my father about it, he explained that he had found it on the site where the national socialists had burned down the largest Viennese synagogue. He had taken it home because it was part of the tablets on which the Ten Commandments were inscribed. One gilded Hebrew letter was engraved upon the piece; my father explained that this letter stood for one of the Commandments. Eagerly, I asked, ‘Which one is it?’ He answered, ‘Honor thy father and thy mother that thy days may be long upon the land.’ At that moment I decided to stay with my father and mother upon the land, and to let the American visa lapse” (xv-xvi).

Frankl took this piece of stone as a sign of his path in life: he was meant to stay in Nazi-occupied Austria despite the risks. Everything else in his life and in the book he wrote followed from his decision to remain with his family.

Food and Eating

Frankl and his fellow prisoners lived for years on a starvation diet while engaged in hard labor. They thought, talked and fantasized endlessly about food.

They knew that food meant survival so they became accustomed to rationing their meager portions scrupulously. Frankl explains, “Those who have not gone through a similar experience can hardly conceive of the soul-destroying mental conflict and clashes of willpower which a famished man experiences. They can hardly grasp what it means to stand digging in a trench, listening for the siren to announce 9:30 or 10:00 A.M—the half-hour lunch interval [...] and tenderly touching a piece of bread in one’s coat pocket, first stroking it with frozen gloveless fingers, then breaking off a crumb and putting it in one’s mouth and finally, with the last bit of will power, pocketing it again, having promised oneself that morning to hold out till afternoon” (31).

As a psychotherapist, Frankl was concerned that his fellow prisoners spent too much time imagining food they wished they had or hoped to have at the end of the war. He felt it interfered with their ability to cope with their reality.

Frankl himself obsessed about food like all the others. He also had the good fortune to get a little extra nutrition occasionally: “As an additional payment for my services, I could be sure that as long as soup was being dealt out at lunchtime at our work site, he would, when my turn came up, dip the ladle right to the bottom of the vat and fish out a few peas” (26-27). This was very helpful over time at keeping Frankl fit for work and therefore alive.

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