61 pages • 2 hours read
A modern alternative to SparkNotes and CliffsNotes, SuperSummary offers high-quality Study Guides with detailed chapter summaries and analysis of major themes, characters, and more. For select classroom titles, we also provide Teaching Guides with discussion and quiz questions to prompt student engagement.
Katy asks Peggy why she has to go to school but Jacob is allowed to roam free and be with animals. Katy tells Peggy that the stable boy sees a deaf-mute boy coming by the Thatchers’ barn to pet the horses, but her father says Jacob is not deaf. Peggy agrees that Jacob can hear, understand, and make sounds, although he cannot make words. Peggy explains that this is why he can’t go to school. Peggy then explains that Jacob doesn’t play all day; rather, he works and takes care of animals. Sometimes on the farm there are too many kittens born at once, and Jacob has to take some and drown them. Peggy says, “It’s what they do on farms, Katy. It’s the kindest thing when there are too many” (49). Katy is horrified by this news and tries to console herself by comparing it to when she steps on ants. Katy tries to reconcile her image of Jacob as a sweet and soft boy who is so good with her horses with the kind of person who drowns kittens.
Katy is in her mother’s room, looking through the Sears catalogue, and Peggy helps her sound out some of the words. Peggy turns to the maternity page and helps Katy read the word “maternity.” Peggy knows that Mrs. Thatcher is pregnant and will be ordering new clothes, but Katy does not, and she still believes babies are a surprise. Katy does not understand how Mrs. Bishop could find a baby in the garden one day while other mothers plan in advance by buying maternity clothes. Katy’s father finally explains what pregnancy is and how her mother will soon give birth to a baby brother or sister. He takes Katy to his office and shows her a model of a fetus inside a womb. Katy thinks this makes much more sense than finding a baby in the garden.
One evening Katy is playing outside when she sees an unfamiliar dog sitting outside her stable. The dog is waiting for Jacob, who is petting the horse, Jed, and making a sound like singing. Katy joins him, stroking the horses with him and imitating his singing sounds until her mother calls her in for supper. They each feed the horses oats, and although Jacob doesn’t reply to Katy, she speaks to him as though they are friends.
Katy awakes to the first snow of the year. School is out for a snow day. Peggy notices that the Stevensons’ tea towels were left on the line and have frozen solid, and Katy’s mother says their hired girl will probably be reprimanded for it. Katy’s father leaves to check in on a young patient recovering from surgery and an elderly woman who is dying peacefully. Katy goes outside to play with Austin and Laura Paisley, who are making a snowman. They see the snow-roller come through and flatten a road, and then men and boys come out to shovel the walks. The Stevensons’ hired girl comes out to take care of the frozen tea towels, and Katy wonders if she wishes she could be in school instead of serving another family. Nell comes out, and Paul Bishop flirts with her, reminding Katy of the time she saw Paul come up behind Nell and put his face in her hair and nuzzle her. Jessie Wood appears with her sled, and they all trek to the sledding hill. Katy is afraid to try the big hill, so she sits on the sled with Peggy and has fun. She then spends the afternoon on the baby hill, helping Peggy with Laura Paisley while Nell and Paul remain behind on their own. Katy notices that Peggy is embarrassed by the way Nell behaves, but Nell “didn’t care what others thought” (77).
Nell comes over to Katy’s house to visit her sister Peggy. Nell is in a bad mood because the weather has spoiled her plans for her day off. She and Peggy go upstairs, and Katy gets the impression that they don’t want her to join them. Katy finds her mother to complain about feeling left out, and Mrs. Thatcher shows her the memory book she is working on. Katy sees pictures from her parents’ wedding and their trip to Niagara Falls, and a photo of a trip to the lake Katy took with Jessie when they were both four years old. Katy recalls the Fourth of July trip with the two families. She remembers playing on the beach and seeing fireworks. She also recalls wandering off into the reeds and enjoying the sounds of her frantic family and friends searching for her so much that she hid until she fell asleep. Her family eventually found her, and she loved the attention and the idea that everyone was so concerned about her. She also enjoyed hearing her friend Jessie crying: “she deserved to cry, because she owned a tin pail with bright paintings on its side” (85). She recalls the end of the night, lying on her father’s lap and watching the fireworks for the first time. She does not share how much she remembers with her mother, only that she does remember the trip. As Katy listens to Peggy and Nell upstairs, she imagines that she and Jessie are like Peggy and Nell, “one quiet and watching, tidy and careful. The other, banging a shovel against a bright tin pail. Eager. Brash. Impatient. Shrill” (89).
One cold winter evening the family is enjoying a fire and listening to Dr. Thatcher read aloud from David Copperfield when he is called away to the hospital. He doesn’t return until the morning, telling them that there was a fire at Schuyler’s Mill and many men were burned and injured. He tells them that some people want to blame Jacob Stoltz, but luckily there were witnesses to prove that he was not responsible: “one of the late workers lighted a cigar and the dust burst into flame like an explosion. People saw the whole thing. The Stoltz boy wasn’t even there” (92). Katy wants to know what it was like to work with the burn victims, and Peggy tells Katy that she mustn’t speak of these things around her mother or else the unborn baby will be “damaged” (93). Peggy shares her belief that “babies can be marked […] I heard of a woman who was frightened by a runaway horse, and her baby was born with a mane and tail” (93). Peggy also says that the boy who works at the grocery store has a mark on his face because his mother saw something frightening while pregnant. Katy laughs because she knows this can’t be right and decides to ask her father later. She asks Peggy if being marked is the same as being touched. Peggy tells her, “My mother says ‘touched by the Lord’” (95) and explains that while her mother loves Jacob, her father is very disappointed with him. Jacob’s father wants a boy who can take over farm duties, and it bothers him that Jacob is too sensitive to participate in butchering. Katy doesn’t understand how Jacob can drown kittens but not do the butchering. Peggy explains that kittens are not loveable at first, that when they’re first born they aren’t the same as the kittens Katy knows, and “Jacob does it quick and then forgets it, and even the mother cat don’t seem to care” (96). Jessie arrives to play, and Peggy asks Katy to keep Jessie away from the ironing because she is a troublemaker and often dirty. Katy takes Jessie to her room to play with paper dolls. They cut out dolls and furniture from catalogs, and Jessie notices the foul smell in their bathroom from Dr. Thatcher’s night of working with the fire victims.
One week later they learn of the Triangle Shirtwaist Company fire. Katy is overwhelmed as she pictures the young women, the same age as Peggy and Nell, being burned or jumping from the window to avoid the fire. She doesn’t know how to properly mourn people she doesn’t know, so she makes up “a little prayer for Mary Goldstein, age eleven, who has died that day” (101). She recites this prayer “every night for several weeks. ‘Dear Mary Goldstein, please be happy in heaven and don’t be frightened or on fire ever again, and now you can fly instead of falling” (101).
Chapter 4 reveals how Jacob’s condition affects his social standing. Because he is so different, he cannot attend school. Although Katy envies his ability to roam free with the animals, this lack of education limits him, something she recognizes in later chapters, as she gains an appreciation for education’s impact on social standing and economic advancement. This chapter also emphasizes Katy’s privilege, as she cannot see the mercy in killing kittens and struggles to reconcile her perception of Jacob with this violent act. Finally, Chapter 4 foreshadows Katy’s transition out of childhood, as her father teaches her the truth of where babies come from. As later chapters will show, his consistent respect for Katy’s intelligence shapes her developing, maturing character.
Chapter 5 opens with a hint of foreshadowing. The first snow of the year has fallen, and Katy says, “ghost shapes appear where bushes have been” (66). First, her father leaves to care for a dying elderly woman. Later, Katy learns of the Triangle Shirtwaist fire and feels very disturbed by the images of girls in black-and-white clothes (another ghostly image) jumping from a building to escape the fire. She fixates on one girl, Mary Goldstein, saying a prayer for her each night, hoping that Mary’s spirit can fly instead of fall. The references to ghostly shapes and other forms of death reinforces Katy’s feeling of being haunted.
Chapter 6 offers insight into the development of Katy’s character. She sees herself in direct opposition to her best friend, Jessie Wood. Even at age four, Katy is observing and constructing her identity based on the way adults react to her behavior versus Jessie’s. She likes to study the human interactions and behaviors around her: “I liked hearing things happen around me, being an observer, but hidden” (84). This desire to silently observe is a trait she shares with Jacob and is probably one of the qualities that allows her to connect with him so easily. Katy notices that Jessie’s behavior irritates the adults, and she purposely behaves differently to elicit their positive attention: “I recognized her feeling, the feeling of being left out, angry […] so that you cry in frustration and look for something to blame […] Instead, I smiled, and it was Jessie who whined and made the grownups impatient” (87). This distinct experience taught Katy the value of being a smiling, composed girl. She learns that she does not want to emulate Jessie’s behavior and that her parents’ love for her gives her a great deal of power. Even at the young age of four, she already possesses a great deal of empathy and perception for the way people work. After recollecting this time at the lake, Katy compares herself and Jessie with Peggy and Nell. Katy clearly identifies with and approves of Peggy’s behavior over Nell’s: “One quiet and watching, tidy and careful. The other, banging a shovel against a bright tin pail. Eager. Brash. Impatient. Shrill” (89).
Chapter 7 deals directly with the notion of ignorance. First, Schuyler’s Mill burns down, and many of the townspeople instantly blame Jacob as a scapegoat. Dr. Thatcher says “some of the men are laying blame on the Stoltz boy […] he hangs about the mill often; he loves it there. And the men make fun of him because of his affliction. Now they’re looking for someone to blame” (92). The workers represent the kind of fear-based ignorance that can lead to cruel behavior and intolerance. So little is known or understood about Jacob’s condition in the 1910s that these men feel uncomfortable around him. They assume the worst.
Soon after Katy overhears this conversation, Peggy talks about superstitions. However, these ignorant beliefs are real for Peggy, as she has not received the same education opportunities as someone like Dr. Thatcher. She wholeheartedly believes that if a pregnant mother hears distressing news, the baby will be born “damaged” (93). She also tells Katy that birth marks are the result of a pregnant mother seeing something horrifying and touching her own face in disgust. Katy sorts through these confusing ideas on her own, not knowing who to believe and hoping that her father can clarify the information for her.
When Jacob’s condition is discussed in conjunction with ideas like these, it emphasizes how dangerous ignorance can be for anyone who is marked as different. Fear of difference causes the ignorant to view difference as evil, defective, or a punishment. Rather than seeking understanding or treatment, the Stoltzes and the mill workers isolate Jacob and stigmatize him. This kind of fearful, superstitious community can be very hostile for someone who doesn’t fit the norm. And Jacob’s fate ultimately reflects that danger, as he is locked up in an asylum in total isolation.
Plus, gain access to 8,800+ more expert-written Study Guides.
Including features:
By Lois Lowry